Many people find great pleasure in consuming cheese and other dairy products. With the vast variety of cheeses available, everyone can find one that suits their taste. Melted cheese, in particular, brings immense joy, which explains the popularity of pizza. Individuals often express that they would switch to a vegan diet if it weren’t for that famous cheese. What makes cheese so irresistible?
Casein and casomorphins
Casein is a protein that makes up about 80% of cow’s milk. One of the more prevalent types is β-casein, which can be found in several variants, primarily A1 and A2. During the digestion of β-casein, β-casomorphins are formed, with BCM-7 (β-casomorphin-7) being the focus of most research. This heptapeptide is exclusively derived from A1 β-casein and acts as a stimulant on opioid receptors, producing effects similar to morphine, though it is significantly less potent. Consequently, it can lead to analgesia, sedation, reduced blood pressure, and decreased intestinal motility.
Effects of casomorphin-7
Numerous studies have demonstrated the negative effects of BCM-7. It has been observed that the intake of A1 β-casein correlates with the development of ischemic heart disease and is also linked to the onset of type 1 diabetes. In rodents, it has been shown to slow gastric emptying and reduce intestinal motility. BCM-7 exerts a pro-inflammatory effect and stimulates T-cell immune responses. It is believed to play a significant role in responses to stress, pain, and food intake by stimulating appetite. Additionally, it decreases osteoblast activity, potentially leading to bone fractures.
Since it can cross the blood-brain barrier, it also affects the central nervous system by disrupting neurological development and increasing the risk of neurological disorders. In rats, BCM-7 has been found to accumulate in regions associated with schizophrenia and autism. It has an oxidative effect by reducing the levels of the antioxidant glutathione in cells, contributing to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
BCM-7 oxidizes LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol, promoting atherosclerosis and consequently cardiovascular diseases. Besides its action on opioid receptors, it is suggested that BCM-7 may target other biological receptors, such as serotonin receptors, broadening its biological activity.
Given that the digestion of A2 β-casein does not produce BCM-7, some believe that milk production should be limited to breeds of cows that produce A2 milk. However, all the mentioned data have not been sufficiently researched to confirm a significant difference in the health effects of A1 and A2 milk. Additionally, no definitive conclusion has been reached regarding whether BCM-7 directly contributes to the onset of these diseases, although it has been proven that there is potential for it to contribute to their development.
β-casomorphin and cheese
In relation to milk, cheese contains an even higher proportion of casein, and thus more casomorphins. Once it crosses the blood-brain barrier, it stimulates the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is responsible for feelings of pleasure and satisfaction, potentially leading to an increased desire for cheese consumption. Furthermore, highly processed foods and high-fat foods like cheese can alter the way dopamine is released in the brain, creating tolerance and increasing the need for dopamine.
Should we avoid cheese and other dairy products?
Although cheese may create an additional craving for this food, there is no reason for concern. Addiction is defined as a state of uncontrollable desire for something that often disrupts normal functioning and frequently leads to negative withdrawal symptoms in the absence of the addictive substance. This is not the case with cheese. It is important to remember that excessive consumption of any food, including cheese, can lead to poor dietary habits, so one should always pay attention to moderation in their diet. Additionally, cheese is a source of protein, vitamins, calcium, and other minerals, making it a desirable food, so continue to enjoy this fantastic product.
Translated by: Josip Kokanović
Literature
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